john wayles jefferson descendants

Connect to the World Family Tree to find out, Thomas Or Eston (See Notes) Hemings Jefferson, Julia Ann Jefferson (born West-isaacs), Eston Hemings Jefferson, Julia Ann (Isaacs) Jefferson, Jefferson, Beverly Frederick Jefferson, May 8 1835 - Charlottesville, Virgina, USA, Thomas Easton Hemming Jefferson, Julia Ann Hemming Jefferson (born Isaacs), *eston Hemings Jefferson, *julia Ann Jefferson (born Isaacs), *anna W. Pearson (born Jefferson), *beverly Jefferson, Eston Hemings Jefferson, Julia Ann Jefferson (born Isaacs), Anna W Pearson (born Jefferson), Beverly Jefferson, Anna W Pearson (born Jefferson), Beverly Frederick Jefferson, Eston Hemings, Julia Ann Hemings (born Isaacs), Anna W. Pearson (born Jefferson), Beverly Jefferson, Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin, United States, Forest Hill Cemetery, Madison, Dane, Wisconsin, United States, 8th Wisconsin Infantry (USA), US Civil War, Wisconsin in the US Civil War (USA) 1861-1865. The mother died less than a week later on 5 November 1748, at the age of 27. They shared the same father, John Wayles, but had different mothers, and they may have looked alike. The youngest boy, Peter, was three years old when Wayles died. Eston passed away on month day 1856, at age 47 at . John entered the United States Army on August 26, 1861, at Madison, Wisconsin. Private Member Trees. [29], The estate was worth 30,000, but Wayles was in debt to Farrell and Jones for 11,000. Secondly, Wayles married Tabitha Cocke,[1][4][d] of Malvern Hill, also of the planter class. In Wisconsin, John made a name for himself by operating the American HouseHotel in downtown Madison with his brother William. [10], Eventually becoming a slave trader, Wayles earned a fortune from the institution of slavery. 1689, Chesterfield Co., Va.; d. 1746, Charles City Co., Va. Francis Eppes, b. He later again in 1749 to Tabitha Cocke and they. Elizabeth died 10 Feb 1761. Jefferson notes that Wayles' second wife died, but not the date; obviously sometime between August 1756 and 26 January 1760, when Wayles married his third wife, Elizabeth Skelton (incidentally the widow of Reuben Skelton, brother of Martha Wayles' first husband Bathurst Skelton). I thought you might like to see a memorial for Col John Wayles Jefferson I found on Findagrave.com. Previously sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option. Oops, something didn't work. Descendants today did not learn of their African American heritage until the 1970s. There she was a valued domestic servant. In 1852, after passage of the Fugitive Slave Act increased the danger to the African-American community as slave catchers came to Ohio, the family moved to Madison, Wisconsin, the state capital. John and Martha's marriage contract provided that Susanna and Betty were to remain the property of Martha Eppes and her heirs forever or be returned to the Eppes family should there be no heirs. Ancestry: English; Martha Jefferson's father was an English immigrant. The Secret Family of Thomas Jefferson - California State University Beverly and John Wayles Jefferson held positions of wealth as owners of hotels and then advanced up the ranks to colonel in the army. See a tree for the family of John F. Kennedy. As part of her dowry, Martha's mother brought with her a personal slave, Susanna, who had an eleven-year-old daughter by the name of Elizabeth Hemings (Betty). This account already exists, but the email address still needs to be confirmed. The couple had no issue; she died on February 10, 1761. His will was proved in Charles City County, Virginia on 1 September 1771. Sally Hemings was born in Guinea Plantation, Cumberland, Virginia 1773. Sally was the daughter of Betty and her white owner John Wayles, Jefferson's father-in-law. During his lifetime, there were speculations about a potential union between Jefferson and Hemings. Because of his mostly white ancestry and appearance, there was no reason for his troops to suspect any African heritage. Prior to entering military service, he and his younger brother Beverly had successfully managed the American House hotel in Madison, Wisconsin. He was the father of her children Robert, James, Peter, Critta, Sally, and Thenia Hemings.[2]. After their emancipation, Madison andEstonbuilta homein Charlottesville, VA. [2] Like her mother and sisters, she worked in the household where she took care of Martha Jefferson and her children, sewed, and cleaned. Because of the legal doctrinepartussequiturventrum, the status of the mother determined if her children were to be enslaved or free. He took part in the great Vicksburg campaign, was wounded and mustered out in Madison in 1864. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Martha Jefferson: Wife of Thomas Jefferson - ThoughtCo Col. John Wayles Jefferson 1835-1892 - Ancestry To view a photo in more detail or edit captions for photos you added, click the photo to open the photo viewer. There Eston changed his name to Eston H. Jefferson; his children also adopted the new surname, and the family passed as white.John W. Jefferson entered the United States Army on August 26, 1861, at Madison, Wisconsin. He fought in significant battles of the war and was wounded at Vicksburg and during the Siege of Corinth. By his first wife, Martha Eppes, he had a daughter, also named Martha, who in 1772, married Thomas Jefferson. Both were given one-way ticketsout of Virginia with the understanding that they couldnotreturnto Virginiaunless they wanted toreturn to slavery. Col. John Wayles Jefferson - Public Member Photos & Scanned Documents Found more than one record for entered Email, You need to confirm this account before you can sign in. This memorial has been copied to your clipboard. Partner of Elizabeth Hemings John Wayles Jefferson was born in Charlottesville in 1835. On September 28, 1861 he was promoted to Major; to Lieutenant Colonel on April 23, 1863; and to Colonel on June 16, 1864. DNA tests in 1998 confirmed that a male descendant of John's brother, Beverly, was descended from the male Jefferson line, which has confirmed for most people the family's claim of descent from Thomas Jefferson. Nash, Gary B.; Hodges, Graham R.G. If he did, then his status as an interracial Black man could come to lightand jeopardize his positionsin a society where your skin color meant that not all men were created equal. This communityparticipated inabolitionist activities in the area and aidedfugitive slaves along the Underground Railroad. He is historically best known as the father-in-law of Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States. In 1847, Isaac Jefferson, a Monticello slave, said, "Sally Hemings' mother Betty was a bright mulatto woman, and Sally mighty . She was a young widow. In 1902, a former neighbor from Chillicothe recalled John Jefferson's concerns about his mixed ancestry in the social climate of the times: and I saw and talked with one of the sons, during the Civil War, who was then wearing the silver leaves of a lieutenant colonel, and in command of a fine regiment of white men from a north-western state. There is some question as to the surname of Tabitha. He begged me not to tell the fact that he had colored blood in his veins, which he said was not suspected by any of his command; and of course, I did not. To my readers, enjoy your 4th of July holiday. He established his home atThe Forest, in Charles City County. But despite his outstanding credentials, racism thwarted his efforts to find work in that field. JohnWaylesJefferson was the grandson ofThomas Jefferson,the man who penned all men are created equaland his slave Sally Hemings. The eldest son of Eston Hemings (1808-1856) and Julia Ann Isaacs Hemings (1814-1889), he was the grandson of Sarah (Sally) Hemings, a slave owned by Thomas Jefferson. Your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts. She was remembered by them many years after her death. After John Wayles buried his first wife Martha in 1748, he married Tabitha Cocke, who produced three daughters, before she too passed away. Learn about how to make the most of a memorial. Thomas was the son of Peter Jefferson and Jane Randolph. You are only allowed to leave one flower per day for any given memorial. He was born in Lancaster, England, in 1715 and emigrated to Virginia, likely in the 1730s, though the date is not known. According to Peter Fossett's memoir, published in, Gordon-Reed, Hemingses of Monticello, p. 484, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Lucia C. Stanton, Chapter: "Elizabeth Hemings and Her Family", "The Slaves' Story - Jefferson's "family" - Jefferson's Blood - FRONTLINE", Rev. Geni requires JavaScript! Use Escape keyboard button or the Close button to close the carousel. Francis is the son of Richard Eppes. [1], As part of the wedding settlement between John Wayles and Martha Epps, her parents gave the new couple an enslaved African-American woman and her young mixed-race daughter Betty Hemings, whose father was an English sea captain named Hemings. Thomas Jefferson informally and formally freed all of Sally's four surviving children. He married Dolly bef 1794. Peter Fossett, "Once the Slave of Thomas Jefferson", Edna Bolling Jacques, "The Hemmings Family in Buckingham County, Virginia", Laura B. Randolph, "THE THOMAS JEFFERSON/SALLY HEMINGS CONTROVERSY: Did Jefferson Also Father Children By Sally Hemings' Sister? Jefferson kept Mary's slightly older children, Joseph Fossett, age 12, and Betsy, then age nine, at Monticello, splitting up the family. His plantation, called "The Forest",[b] was located in Charles City County. Martha and her husband Jefferson inherited all eleven members of the Hemings family as well as numerous other slaves. One was that he was already trained as a lawyer. that this very Sally is the natural daughter of Mr. Wales, who was the father of the actual Mrs. Eston Jefferson's descendants in the twentieth century decided to alter their family history. [11] Jefferson began legal work for Wayles in 1768. On 26 January 1760, Wayles married his third wife, Elizabeth Lomax Skelton (she was the widow of Reuben Skelton, an older brother of his daughter Martha's first husband). Brother of Anne Wayles Pearson and Pvt. They had no children. Wayles' second marriage, according to Jefferson's notes, was to a woman of the Cocke family (no first name is given). In Virginia, Wayles became part of the planter elite. They are widely understood to have been the children of President Thomas Jefferson, Hemings' master. In 1780, after Jefferson was elected as the governor of Virginia during the American Revolutionary War, he moved his family to the state capitol of Williamsburg, taking along with them a number of slaves, including Hemings. On September 28, 1861 he was promoted to major; to lieutenant colonel on April 23, 1863; and to colonel on June 16, 1864. The eldest son of Eston Hemings (1808-1856) and Julia Ann Isaacs Hemings (1814-1889), he was the grandson of Sarah (Sally) Hemings, a. John Wayles Jefferson - Wikipedia The economic and legal constraints led to the "bankruptcy of the Virginia plantation system". And they tested John Weeks Jefferson known to be a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally's youngest son. His writing career continued after the war,andhis move to Memphis,Tennesseeto become a cotton broker. Twins, a girl and a boy, who died within hours of their birth on December 23, 1746. John Wayles and Tabitha Cocke had the following children: Elizabeth Wayles. His home was The Forest, in Charles City County. He married three times. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. Thomas was born in Shadwell, Goochland, Virginia 2 Apr 1743. [5], On May 3, 1746, Wayles married Martha Eppes (born on April 10, 1721 at Bermuda Hundred),[1] the daughter of Colonel Francis Epps. Fawn McKay Brodie and Annette Gordon-Reed presented new analyses that assessed the historiography, showing evidence that other historians had overlooked. In 1902, a former neighbor recalled:and I saw and talked with one of the sons, during the Civil War, who was then wearing the silver leaves of a lieutenant colonel, and in command of a fine regiment of white men from a north-western state. He begged me not to tell the fact that he had colored blood in his veins, which he said was not suspected by any of his command; and of course I did not.John was a newspaper correspondent during and after the war. There was the Wayles-Jefferson family, and there was the Hemings family. James Hemings was born 1765. Please complete the captcha to let us know you are a real person. John was their first child. He married Martha Eppes in Henrico County, Virginia, ca 1746. Year should not be greater than current year. William Beverly Frederick Jefferson, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayles_Jefferson. Son of Eston John Jefferson and Julia Ann Hemings . Colonel John Wayles Jefferson (Hemings) (1835 - 1892) - Genealogy No animated GIFs, photos with additional graphics (borders, embellishments. To do so would have communicated his relationship with Betty and would have required a change in Virginia manumission laws at that time. The second child, Elizabeth, was born February 24, 1752; Tabitha was born November 16, 1753; and Anne was born August 26, 1756. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate, or jump to a slide with the slide dots. WithJeffersons interventionbefore his death,both wereallowed to remain in Virginia even though the law stated that all free-Blacks were to leave the state within twelve months of emancipation. Almost two years later, on 31 October 1748, Martha Wayles gave birth to her only surviving child, also named Martha. Public Member Trees - Ancestry.com Thenia Hemings was born 1767. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. John Wayles (January 31, 1715 - May 28, 1773) was a colonial American planter, slave trader and lawyer in colonial Virginia. Mary Hemings Bell (1753-after 1834) was born into slavery, most likely in Charles City County, Virginia, as the oldest child of Elizabeth Hemings, a mixed-race slave held by John Wayles.After the death of Wayles in 1773, Elizabeth, Mary, and her family were inherited by Thomas Jefferson, the husband of Martha Wayles Skelton, a daughter of Wayles, and all moved to Monticello. The first child of this marriage, Sarah, did not survive to adulthood. Mary Hemings Bell (1753-after 1834) was born into slavery, most likely in Charles City County, Virginia, as the oldest child of Elizabeth Hemings, a mixed-race slave held by John Wayles. John Wayles was a Planter, Slave Trader, and Lawyer in the Virginia Colony. Hemings family tradition tells that Captain Hemings tried to buy Elizabeth from Wayles; but he refused to sell her. He took command of the Wisconsin 8th Infantry during the American Civil War. This Act gave authorization for slave catchers to pursue fugitive slaves into Northern territories and return them to their previous slave owners formonetary rewards. GENERAL INFORMATION: At any rate,the authornoted: the children had scarcely a visible a mixture of colored blood; and I saw and talked with one of the sons, during the Civil War, who was then wearing the silver leaves of a lieutenant colonel, and in command of a fine regiment of white men from a north-western state. It had a thriving free black community. There was an error deleting this problem. The majority of Wayles's papers and financial records do not survive, having disappeared fromEppingtonin the mid-nineteenth century. Anna died young in 1866 at the age of 30. We have set your language to John Wayles was a slave owner who fathered six children with his slave, Elizabeth "Betty" Hemings. They had several children: Wayles' second wife died sometime between August 1756 and January 1760. Wayles' second wife died sometime between August 1756 and 1759. Mary Hemings Bell was the first of Betty's children to gain freedom. He married Martha Eppes in Henrico County, Virginia, ca 1746. Dates: Oct. 19, 1748-Sept. 6, 1782 Also known as: Martha Eppes Wayles, Martha Skelton, Martha Eppes Wayles Skelton Jefferson Religion: Anglican Background, Family Father: John Wayles (1715-1773; English immigrant, barrister, and landowner) The second child, Elizabeth, was born 24 February 1752; Tabitha was born 16 November 1753; and Anne was born 26 August 1756. He was born in Lancaster, England,in 1715 and emigrated to Virginia, likely in the 1730s, though the date is not known. [22] They also inherited 4,000 in debt. Bell purchased her and the children from Jefferson in 1792 and informally freed them. Historians disputed as to whether Thomas Jefferson had children with his slave Sally Hemings. If the information of his lineage was revealed, John could have lost his command in the Union Army,lost his potential forfuturebusiness dealings, and lost his place in society. Sarah Jefferson Bell. Elizabeth Eppes (born Wayles), Tabitha Skipwith (born Wayles), Anne Skipwith (born Wayles), Robert Hemings, James Hemings, Thenia Hemings Wayles), Tabitha Skipwith (born Wayles), Anne Skipwith (born Wayles), Robert Hemings, James Hemings, Thenia Hemings, Critta Hemings, Pete St. Mary's Parish, Lancaster, Lancashire, England, Phillip Ludwell, Green Springs Plantation, Virginia, The Forest Plantation, Charles City, Virginia, Colonial America, Attorneys to Judges - the American Legal System. Try again. You have chosen this person to be their own family member. Husband of Martha Eppes; Tabitha Wayles and Elizabeth Skelton Wayles He married three times. It was safer to hide his identityand squash any speculation that he could be mixed-race. Subscribe to the American Battlefield Trust's quarterly email series of curated stories for the curious-minded sort! When British forces led by Benedict Arnold raided Richmond searching for Jefferson, they took Mary Hemings and other slaves owned by him as prisoners of war. Jefferson never married. The papers of Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), diplomat, architect, scientist, and third president of the United States, held in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, consist of approximately 25,000 items, making it the largest collection of original Jefferson documents in the world. Lucia Stanton, "Monticello to Main Street: The Hemings Family and Charlottesville,", This page was last edited on 26 January 2023, at 01:11. According to service records, John Jefferson had red hair and gray eyes (as did Thomas Jefferson). In those years, women had a high rate of mortality related to childbirth. No complete description of Sally Hemings exists. His brother, William Beverly Jefferson, also served as a white soldier in the Union Army. 461-63. When a teenager, he sailed to Virginia, and there he acquired vast landholdings, over a hundred slaves, and enormous debts. He was a three time widower and father of Martha Wayles Jefferson making him the father-in-law of the 3rd president of the United States Thomas Jefferson. Did Betty and Sally welcome their masters attentions, or was it assault? Trusted information source for millions of people worldwide. Close this window, and upload the photo(s) again. Past speakers have included certain naturalized citizens: Nadia Comaneci, Tracey Ullman, I. M. Pei, and Robert Goizueta. On that basis, John is believed to have been a grandson of Thomas Jefferson. He married Tabitha Cocke. Some sources state that Martha was born on October 19, 1748. Although there are factual sources showing that Wayles fathered children on slave Betty Hemings, author William G. Hyland, Jr. continued to deny it. Every purchase supports the mission. His wife's name is also given as Mary Cocke. However, when the Fugitive SlaveAct passedin 1852, Ohio became a dangerous place forfree Blacks. We will review the memorials and decide if they should be merged. Wayles died on May 28, 1773, leaving substantial property and debt. or don't show this againI am good at figuring things out. Du Bois. By John Wayles, Betty produced six children: Robert, James, Peter, Critta, Sally, and Thenia, each born into slavery, although each were three-fourths white. He became a lawyer. [21] As an elderly man, her grandson Peter Fossett recalled how when he was a child, his free grandmother Mary gave him a suit of blue nankeen cloth and a red leather hat and shoes, grand compared to the attire of children of field slaves. 1999'S Gathering of Jeffersons More Like a Family Feud His birth name was John Wayles Hemings. In 1847, Isaac Jefferson, a Monticello slave, said, Sally Hemings mother Betty was a bright mulatto woman, and Sally mighty near white. "Thomas Jefferson's Unknown Grandchildren: A Study in Historical Silences", Dinitia Smith and Nicholas Wade, "DNA Test Finds Evidence of Jefferson Child by Slave", "Thomas Jefferson's Madison Descendants? According to Thomas Jefferson's notes, the girl was stillborn and the boy lived only a few hours. Over seventy-five of her descendants lived and worked at Monticello as butlers, seamstresses, weavers, carpenters, blacksmiths, gardeners, and musicians. Jefferson's father-in-law, John Wayles, is believed to have been John's great-grandfather: most historians credit the rumor that Wayles was the father of both Jefferson's wife, Martha Wayles, born to one of his wives, and Sally Hemings, whose mother was the enslaved woman Betty Hemings.John's father Eston Hemings was born a slave at Monticello in 1808, the youngest of Sally Hemings' six children. Anne Wayles. Col. John Wayles Jefferson. Dating from the early 1760s through his death in 1826, the Thomas Jefferson Papers consist mainly of his . The family lived as part of the white community in Madison and for the rest of their lives. John Wayles | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello As Adderall shortage continues, DEA plans to limit some telemedicine prescriptions, House where JonBenet Ramsey was found dead listed for sale for almost $7M, Columbia University permanently drops SAT, ACT admissions requirement, The Waterbed Doctor: California retailer lays claim to retro bed with nearly 40 years of service, sales, Felonious Florida podcast: Missing teenage girl leads to several cases of child sex trafficking, Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information. [4][2] Hemings lived at John Wayles' plantation until his son-in-law, Thomas Jefferson, received her as part of a division of Wayles' estate on January 14, 1774. Their mother Sally lived with them until her death in 1835. Bowles seems to have worked for the Jefferson family as an enslaved domestic servant. [20] Hemings lived in a house on Main Street. 6,no. John Wayles was born in Lancaster, England, in 1715. Verify and try again. cemeteries found within miles of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Learn more about merges. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/41104369/john-wayles-jefferson. Jeffersons wife Martha, and Sally Hemings, were half-sisters. The Jefferson - Hemings Controversy - Episodes - Lehigh University His brother Madison Hemings and his family also moved there. John Wayles emigrated to Virginia in the 1730's. A year after her marriage to Thomas Jefferson, his oldest daughter Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson inherited the Hemings family and 125 other slaves, along with 11,000 acres and debts as part of her father's estate. Please reset your password. Include gps location with grave photos where possible. His plantation, called "The Forest", was located in Charles City County. He died young. John Wayles was Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson's father, Thomas Jefferson's father-in-law. John Wayles(January 31, 1715 - May 28, 1773) wasMartha Wayles Skelton Jefferson's father andThomas Jefferson's father-in-law. They had two daughters who survived to adulthood, but only one lived past age 25. He raised cotton in Arkansas and bred blooded trotting horses on his plantation near Memphis. This database contains family trees submitted to Ancestry by users who have indicated that their tree can only be viewed by Ancestry members to . There was a problem getting your location. Instead of her picture though, officials will project a shadow of a female slave on a wall. Edit a memorial you manage or suggest changes to the memorial manager. Johns third wife, Elizabeth Skelton, died barren. Martha Eppes Wayles who died within three weeks of her daughter Martha's birth. Martha Eppes Wayles gave birth to fraternal twins on 23 December 1746, but the girl was stillborn and the boy lived only a few hours. What is the result of suppressing the truth? Together, Wayles and Betty Hemings had six mixed-race children, what was often called "a shadow family" in that society: Robert, James, Critta, Thenia, Peter, and Sally Hemings. Jefferson notes that Wayles' second wife died, but not the date; obviously sometime between August 1756 and 26 January 1760, when Wayles married his third wife, Elizabeth Skelton (incidentally the widow of Reuben Skelton, brother of Martha Wayles' first husband Bathurst Skelton). A month before theSiege of Vicksburg, John was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. Resend Activation Email. He married Martha Eppes in Henrico County, Virginia, ca 1746. Jefferson's wife Martha, and Sally Hemings, were half-sisters. Please enter your email address and we will send you an email with a reset password code. Oops, some error occurred while uploading your photo(s). He left substantial property, including many slaves, but the estate was encumbered with debt. John died 23 May 1773 in The Forest, Charles City Co., Virginia, at 57 years of age. . Wayles was born in the city of Lancaster on January 31, 1715. [8] Third, the importance of racial identity increased as descendants navigate the color line. While some descendants fight to reduce the division, others choose to pass over into a white identity. He took command of the Wisconsin 8th Infantry during the American Civil War. John Wayles (January 31, 1715 May 28, 1773) was a colonial American planter, slave trader and lawyer in colonial Virginia. Another account is that he arrived as a servant and later made his fortune. Thanks for using Find a Grave, if you have any feedback we would love to hear from you. John Wayles was born in Lancaster, Lancashire, England January 31,1715. [2] Although free, Mary Hemings remained in close communication with her enslaved family at Monticello and gave gifts to her children and others. He never married. John Wayles | Jefferson Quotes & Family Letters Isaac Jefferson, Memoirs, 4; Madison Hemings, "Life Among the Lowly," Pike County Republican, March 13, 1873. (Julia Jefferson to John Wayles Jefferson, 16 Nov. 1888, courtesy of Julia Westerinen) Julia Isaacs Jefferson 1814-1889 "They . GREAT NEWS! John Wayles (1715-1773), was the father of Martha Wayles Jefferson, the wife of Thomas Jefferson 3rd U.S. President. Try again later. John Wayles - Wikipedia In addition to being Sally Hemings' father, he was also her owner. wikipedia.en/Randolph_family_of_Virginia.md at main chinapedia In 1830 Eston purchased property in Charlottesville, on which he and his brother Madison built a house. Upon his death at age 58 in 1773, John Wayles left substantial property, including slaves, but the estate was encumbered with debt. Flowers added to the memorial appear on the bottom of the memorial or here on the Flowers tab. Jefferson." Wayles married Martha Eppes (b. at Bermuda Hundred on 10 April 1721) on 3 May 1746. Bear in his "The Hemings Family of Monticello" says that her surname was Cocke , but in his book The Slave Children of Thomas Jefferson, Samuel H. Sloan says that it is more likely Cooke.

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